Sentire cum Ecclesia

The thinkers

Saints, Doctors, philosophers and rulers

Everyone the test can match you with, East and West, with those outside the Church included so you can see when your leanings run closer to Kant or Marx than to any saint.

252 shown

Antiquity

384–322 BC · Aristotelianism

Pre-Christian Greek pre-Christian

Confucius (Kong Fuzi)

551–479 BC · Confucianism

Pre-Christian Confucian

Laozi (Lao Tzu)

6th century BC (traditional) · Taoism

Pre-Christian Taoist

Lucius Annaeus Seneca

c. 4 BC–AD 65 · Roman Stoicism

Pre-Christian Roman pre-Christian

c. 99–c. 55 BC · Epicurean atomism

Pre-Christian Roman pre-Christian (Epicurean)

Marcus Tullius Cicero

106–43 BC · Roman eclecticism (Academic and Stoic)

Pre-Christian Roman pre-Christian

Mencius (Mengzi)

c. 372–289 BC · Confucianism; the idealist wing

Pre-Christian Confucian

c. 470–391 BC · Mohism; founder

Pre-Christian Mohist

fl. c. 200 BC–400 AD · Classical Yoga (one of the six orthodox schools), on the dualist metaphysics of Samkhya

Outside the Church Hindu (Samkhya-Yoga; classical yoga)

Philo of Alexandria

c. 20 BC–c. 50 AD · Hellenistic Judaism; allegorical exegesis; Middle Platonism

Pre-Christian Jewish (Hellenistic; Middle Platonist)

c. 428–348 BC · Platonism

Pre-Christian Greek pre-Christian

c. 204–270 · Neoplatonism

Pre-Christian Greek pre-Christian

Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha)

c. 480–400 BC · Buddhism (the Middle Way)

Outside the Church Buddhist

c. 310–235 BC · Confucianism; the realist wing

Pre-Christian Confucian

Zhuangzi (Chuang Tzu)

c. 369–286 BC · Taoism (philosophical; the Inner Chapters)

Pre-Christian Taoist

Patristic

Constantine the Great

c. 272–337 · Christian empire

Saint Byzantine

Dionysius the Areopagite

fl. c. 500 · Christian Neoplatonism (apophatic theology)

Eastern Father Byzantine

c. 482–565 · Byzantine symphony of Church and empire

Saint Byzantine

c. 150–250 · Madhyamaka (Middle Way school); founder

Outside the Church Buddhist (Madhyamaka)

Origen of Alexandria

c. 185–254 · Alexandrian theology

Catholic · censured Alexandrian

Pope St. Gregory the Great

c. 540–604 · Latin monastic and pastoral theology

Doctor of the Church Latin

Pope St. Leo the Great

c. 400–461 · Roman theology of the papacy and the Incarnation

Doctor of the Church Latin

Severus of Antioch

c. 465–538 · Cyrilline (miaphysite) Christology

Orthodox Oriental Orthodox (Syriac miaphysite)

St. Ambrose of Milan

c. 339–397 · Latin Nicene theology

Doctor of the Church Latin

St. Athanasius of Alexandria

c. 296–373 · Nicene theology

Doctor of the Church Alexandrian

St. Augustine of Hippo

354–430 · Augustinianism

Doctor of the Church Latin

St. Basil the Great

c. 330–379 · Cappadocian theology

Doctor of the Church Byzantine

St. Cyril of Alexandria

c. 376–444 · Alexandrian Christology

Doctor of the Church Alexandrian

St. Ephrem the Syrian

c. 306–373 · Syriac theology

Doctor of the Church Syriac

St. Gregory Nazianzen

329–390 · Cappadocian theology

Doctor of the Church Byzantine

St. Gregory of Nyssa

c. 335–c. 395 · Cappadocian theology

Saint Byzantine

St. Irenaeus of Lyons

c. 130–202 · Early Catholic tradition

Doctor of the Church Byzantine

St. Isaac the Syrian

d. c. 700 · East Syriac mysticism

Eastern Father Syriac

c. 347–420 · Latin biblical scholarship

Doctor of the Church Latin

St. John Chrysostom

c. 347–407 · Antiochene exegesis

Doctor of the Church Antiochene

St. John Damascene

c. 675–749 · Byzantine synthesis

Doctor of the Church Byzantine

St. Justin Martyr

c. 100–165 · Greek Apologists

Saint Byzantine

St. Macrina the Younger

c. 327–379 · Cappadocian ascetic philosophy

Saint Byzantine

St. Maximus the Confessor

c. 580–662 · Byzantine theology (Chalcedonian synthesis)

Saint Byzantine

St. Severinus Boethius

c. 480–524 · Christian Neoplatonism and Latin Aristotelianism

St. Syncletica of Alexandria (Amma Syncletica)

fl. 4th century · Desert monasticism

Saint Alexandrian

St. Vincent of Lérins

d. c. 445 · Gallic monastic theology

c. 155–c. 220 · Latin theology (North African)

Catholic · censured Latin

Medieval

c. 788–820 · Advaita Vedanta (non-dualism)

Outside the Church Hindu (Advaita Vedanta)

1058–1111 · Ash'ari theology; Sufism

Outside the Church Muslim (Ash'ari theology; Sufism)

c. 858–922 · Early Baghdad Sufism of ecstatic love; a school of one

Outside the Church Muslim (Sufi; executed as a heretic)

Averroes (Ibn Rushd)

1126–1198 · Aristotelianism (Averroism)

Outside the Church Muslim (Maliki jurist; Aristotelian)

Avicenna (Ibn Sina)

980–1037 · Islamic Neoplatonic Aristotelianism (falsafa)

Outside the Church Muslim (Persian Aristotelian)

Bl. John Duns Scotus

c. 1266–1308 · Scotism

Bl. Ramon Llull

c. 1232–1316 · Lullism (Ars Magna)

c. 747–814 · Carolingian Christendom

Dante Alighieri

1265–1321 · Poetic Thomism

1200–1253 · Soto Zen; founder in Japan

Outside the Church Buddhist (Zen, Soto)

1165–1240 · Unity of being (wahdat al-wujud); the metaphysics of the divine names

Outside the Church Muslim (Sunni; Akbarian Sufism)

1263–1328 · Hanbali law and creed; scripturalist theology against kalam, falsafa and monist Sufism

Outside the Church Muslim (Hanbali; Salafi forerunner)

Jalal al-Din Rumi

1207–1273 · Persian Sufism of love; the Mevlevi (whirling) order founded by his son

Outside the Church Muslim (Sunni Hanafi; Sufi, Mevlevi)

Joachim of Fiore

c. 1135–1202 · Apocalyptic exegesis

Catholic · censured Latin

1238–1317 · Dvaita (dualist) Vedanta; Madhva sampradaya of Udupi

Outside the Church Hindu (Dvaita Vedanta; Vaishnava)

Meister Eckhart

c. 1260–1328 · Rhineland mysticism (Dominican)

Catholic · censured Latin

Moses Maimonides

1138–1204 · Jewish Aristotelianism

Outside the Church Jewish (Rabbinic)

Nicholas of Cusa

1401–1464 · Christian Neoplatonism

1079–1142 · Early scholasticism (dialectic)

Catholic · censured Latin

c. 1096–1160 · Early scholasticism

1017–1137 (traditional) · Vishishtadvaita (qualified non-dualism); bhakti

Outside the Church Hindu (Vishishtadvaita, Sri Vaishnava)

1173–1263 · Jodo Shinshu (True Pure Land); founder

Outside the Church Buddhist (Pure Land, Jodo Shinshu)

St. Albert the Great

c. 1200–1280 · Dominican Aristotelianism

Doctor of the Church Latin

St. Anselm of Canterbury

1033–1109 · Early scholasticism (Augustinian)

Doctor of the Church Latin

St. Bernard of Clairvaux

1090–1153 · Cistercian monastic theology

Doctor of the Church Latin

St. Bonaventure

1221–1274 · Franciscan Augustinianism

Doctor of the Church Latin

St. Bridget of Sweden

1303–1373 · Prophetic visionary; Bridgettine

St. Catherine of Siena

1347–1380 · Dominican lay mysticism

Doctor of the Church Latin

St. Clare of Assisi

1194–1253 · Franciscan; the Poor Ladies of San Damiano

St. Gertrude the Great

1256–c. 1302 · Helfta; Benedictine liturgical mysticism

St. Gregory of Narek

c. 951–1003 · Armenian monastic mysticism

Doctor of the Church Armenian

St. Gregory Palamas

1296–1359 · Palamism (hesychast theology)

Orthodox Byzantine

St. Hildegard of Bingen

1098–1179 · Benedictine visionary theology

Doctor of the Church Latin

St. Louis IX of France

1214–1270 · Christian kingship

St. Nerses Shnorhali

1102–1173 · Armenian theology of the Cilician age

St. Olga of Kiev

c. 890–969 · First Christian of Rus'

Saint Byzantine

Sts. Cyril and Methodius

c. 826–869 and c. 815–885 · Byzantine mission to the Slavs

Saint Byzantine

St. Stephen of Hungary

c. 975–1038 · Christian kingship

St. Symeon the New Theologian

949–1022 · Byzantine mystical theology

Eastern Father Byzantine

St. Theodore the Studite

759–826 · Byzantine monastic theology

Saint Byzantine

St. Thomas Aquinas

1225–1274 · Thomism

Doctor of the Church Latin

St. Vladimir of Kiev

c. 958–1015 · Baptism of Rus'

Saint Byzantine

William of Ockham

c. 1287–1347 · Nominalism (via moderna)

Catholic · censured Latin

Zhu Xi (Chu Hsi)

1130–1200 · Neo-Confucianism; School of Principle (Cheng–Zhu)

Outside the Church Confucian (Neo-Confucian)

Early modern

1723–1790 · Scottish Enlightenment; political economy

Protestant Protestant (Church of Scotland); Stoic-tinged deism

1632–1677 · Rationalist pantheism

Outside the Church Jewish (excommunicated); secular rationalism

1623–1662 · Augustinian apologetics (Port-Royal)

Catholic · censured Latin

Cajetan (Tommaso de Vio)

1469–1534 · Thomism (commentatorial)

Cornelius Jansen

1585–1638 · Jansenism

Condemned Latin

1711–1776 · Empiricist skepticism

Outside the Church Secular (skeptic)

Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam

c. 1466–1536 · Christian humanism

Catholic · censured Latin

Domingo Báñez

1528–1604 · Thomism (Bañezian)

Francisco de Vitoria

c. 1483–1546 · School of Salamanca (Thomism)

Francisco Suárez

1548–1617 · Suárezianism (Jesuit scholasticism)

François Fénelon

1651–1715 · Pure love (semi-quietism)

Catholic · censured Latin

Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet

1627–1704 · Gallican orthodoxy

Catholic · censured Latin

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

1712–1778 · Romantic naturalism and the general will

Protestant Protestant (Genevan Calvinist); natural religion

1509–1564 · Reformed (Calvinist) theology

Protestant Protestant

1632–1704 · Empiricism and liberalism

Anglican Anglican (latitudinarian)

John of St. Thomas (João Poinsot), OP

1589–1644 · Thomism (commentatorial)

1703–1791 · Methodism (Arminian evangelicalism)

Protestant Protestant

Jonathan Edwards

1703–1758 · New England Calvinism; Reformed idealism

Protestant Protestant (Reformed, Congregationalist)

1535–1600 · Molinism

1483–1546 · Lutheran Reformation

Protestant Protestant

1496–1561 · Peaceful Anabaptism; Mennonite theology

Protestant Protestant (Anabaptist, Mennonite)

Miguel de Molinos

1628–1696 · Quietism

Condemned Latin

c. 1571–1640 · Hikmat muta'aliya (Transcendent Philosophy): Avicenna, Suhrawardi and Ibn Arabi united

Outside the Church Muslim (Twelver Shi'i; Transcendent Philosophy)

René Descartes

1596–1650 · Cartesian rationalism

Catholic · censured Latin

1554–1600 · Anglican via media; Thomist natural law

Anglican Anglican (Elizabethan Settlement)

St. Alphonsus Liguori

1696–1787 · Alphonsian moral theology (equiprobabilism)

Doctor of the Church Latin

St. Catherine of Genoa

1447–1510 · Genoese lay mysticism of pure love

St. Francis de Sales

1567–1622 · Salesian spirituality (devout humanism)

Doctor of the Church Latin

St. Ignatius of Loyola

1491–1556 · Ignatian spirituality

St. Jane Frances de Chantal

1572–1641 · Salesian

St. John of the Cross

1542–1591 · Carmelite mysticism

Doctor of the Church Latin

St. Josaphat Kuntsevych

c. 1580–1623 · Union of Brest (Ukrainian Greek Catholic)

Saint Byzantine

St. Robert Bellarmine

1542–1621 · Jesuit controversial theology (congruism)

Doctor of the Church Latin

St. Teresa of Ávila

1515–1582 · Carmelite mysticism

Doctor of the Church Latin

St. Thomas More

1478–1535 · Christian humanism

1588–1679 · Materialism and social contract

Anglican Anglican (Erastian)

Ven. Matteo Ricci, SJ

1552–1610 · Jesuit accommodation (China mission)

Venerable Latin

1472–1529 · Neo-Confucianism; School of Mind (Lu–Wang)

Outside the Church Confucian (Neo-Confucian)

Modern

1837–1920 · Neo-Calvinism; Reformed public theology

Protestant Protestant (Reformed, Neo-Calvinist)

Arthur Schopenhauer

1788–1860 · Transcendental idealism of the Will; philosophical pessimism

Outside the Church Secular (atheist pessimist); Lutheran upbringing, drawn to Vedanta, Buddhism and Christian asceticism

1798–1857 · Positivism; sociology; Religion of Humanity

Outside the Church Secular (positivist); founder of the Religion of Humanity, Catholic upbringing

Bl. Antonio Rosmini-Serbati

1797–1855 · Rosminian ontology; Catholic liberal reform

Bl. Frédéric Ozanam

1813–1853 · Social Catholicism; Christian democracy

Bl. Josaphata Hordashevska

1869–1919 · Ukrainian Greek Catholic active religious life

Blessed Ukrainian Greek Catholic

Bl. Karl of Austria

1887–1922 · Christian monarchy; Catholic social policy

1809–1882 · Evolution by natural selection

Outside the Church Secular (agnostic)

Charles Spurgeon

1834–1892 · Reformed Baptist; Puritan evangelicalism

Protestant Protestant (Baptist, Calvinistic)

1729–1797 · Conservatism; prescription and natural law

Anglican Anglican

Edward Bouverie Pusey

1800–1882 · Oxford Movement; patristic Anglo-Catholicism

Anglican Anglican (Anglo-Catholic, Tractarian)

Félicité de Lamennais

1782–1854 · Liberal Catholicism; traditionalism (common consent)

Catholic · censured Latin

Friedrich Nietzsche

1844–1900 · Perspectivism; will to power

Outside the Church Secular (atheist); Lutheran pastor's son

Friedrich Schleiermacher

1768–1834 · Liberal Protestantism; Romantic theology; hermeneutics

Protestant Protestant (Reformed; liberal)

Fyodor Dostoevsky

1821–1881 · Orthodox Christian personalism (in fiction)

Orthodox Orthodox (Russian)

Gabriel García Moreno

1821–1875 · Catholic confessional state

G. K. Chesterton

1874–1936 · Common-sense Thomism; Distributism

1770–1831 · Absolute idealism

Protestant Protestant (Lutheran)

1870–1953 · Distributism; Catholic historiography

1724–1804 · Transcendental idealism

Outside the Church Protestant (Lutheran-Pietist)

John Stuart Mill

1806–1873 · Utilitarian liberalism

Outside the Church Secular (agnostic)

Joseph de Maistre

1753–1821 · Counter-revolutionary traditionalism

Juan Donoso Cortés

1809–1853 · Counter-revolutionary political theology

1818–1883 · Historical materialism

Outside the Church Secular (atheist); Jewish descent, baptized Lutheran as a child

Ludwig Feuerbach

1804–1872 · Anthropological materialism; projection theory of religion

Outside the Church Secular (atheist humanist); Lutheran upbringing, Young Hegelian

1882–1953 · Malankara reunion; Antiochene monasticism

Servant of God Syro-Malankara

1849–1905 · Islamic modernism (Salafiyya); rationalist Sunni theology; reform of al-Azhar

Outside the Church Muslim (Sunni; Egyptian modernist; Salafiyya reformer)

Napoleon Bonaparte

1769–1821 · Enlightened despotism

Catholic Catholic (nominal); Gallican statecraft

1810–1903 · Thomist revival; Catholic social doctrine

1857–1939 · Social kingship of Christ; social doctrine; Catholic Action

1876–1958 · Thomist Magisterium; Mystici Corporis; Mediator Dei

Venerable Latin

Pope St. Pius X

1835–1914 · Anti-Modernism; Eucharistic and liturgical renewal

1856–1939 · Psychoanalysis

Outside the Church Secular (atheist); Jewish

Søren Kierkegaard

1813–1855 · Christian existentialism

Protestant Protestant (Lutheran)

St. Charbel Makhlouf

1828–1898 · Maronite monastic hermit tradition

St. Elizabeth Ann Seton

1774–1821 · American Vincentian; Catholic schooling

St. John Henry Newman

1801–1890 · Development of doctrine; Oratorian

St. Kuriakose Elias Chavara

1805–1871 · Syro-Malabar renewal; Carmelite spirituality

Saint Syro-Malabar

1832–1914 · Maronite redemptive suffering

St. Thérèse of Lisieux

1873–1897 · Carmelite; the Little Way

Doctor of the Church Latin

Swami Vivekananda

1863–1902 · Neo-Vedanta: practical Advaita, the harmony of religions, service as worship

Outside the Church Hindu (Advaita Vedanta; Ramakrishna Order)

Thomas Jefferson

1743–1826 · Enlightenment republicanism

Outside the Church Deist / Unitarian

Ven. Andrey Sheptytsky

1865–1944 · Eastern Catholic renewal; Kyivan tradition

Venerable Ukrainian Greek Catholic

Vincenzo Gioberti

1801–1852 · Ontologism; neo-Guelph nationalism

Catholic · censured Latin

Vladimir Soloviev

1853–1900 · Russian religious philosophy; Sophiology; Godmanhood

Catholic Byzantine

1842–1910 · Pragmatism; psychology of religion

Outside the Church Secular; Protestant milieu (Swedenborgian father)

William J. Seymour

1870–1922 · Azusa Street Pentecostalism; Wesleyan Holiness

Protestant Protestant (Pentecostal, Holiness)

Contemporary

Abraham Joshua Heschel

1907–1972 · Depth theology; prophetic Judaism

Outside the Church Jewish (Hasidic-rooted; Conservative)

Alasdair MacIntyre

1929–2025 · Thomist Aristotelianism; tradition-constituted rationality

1913–1960 · Absurdism; the philosophy of revolt and measure

Outside the Church Secular (absurdist humanist); nominal Catholic upbringing in Algiers

Alcide De Gasperi

1881–1954 · Christian Democracy

Servant of God Latin

Alexander Schmemann

1921–1983 · Liturgical theology

Orthodox Orthodox (Russian; Orthodox Church in America)

Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre

1905–1991 · Traditionalist Catholicism (SSPX)

Catholic · censured Latin

1905–1982 · Objectivism

Outside the Church Secular (atheist); Jewish descent

Bernard Lonergan, SJ

1904–1984 · Transcendental Thomism (critical realism)

Bertrand Russell

1872–1970 · Logical atomism; analytic empiricism

Outside the Church Secular (agnostic); aristocratic Whig upbringing

Charles De Koninck

1906–1965 · Laval Thomism; primacy of the common good

1898–1963 · Christian apologetics; Christian Platonism

Anglican Anglican

Dietrich Bonhoeffer

1906–1945 · Confessing Church; Lutheran theology of discipleship

Protestant Protestant (Lutheran)

Dietrich von Hildebrand

1889–1977 · Phenomenological realism; value ethics

1897–1980 · Catholic Worker personalism; distributism; pacifism

Servant of God Latin

Dumitru Stăniloae

1903–1993 · Neo-patristic dogmatics; Philokalic theology

Orthodox Orthodox (Romanian)

Emmanuel Levinas

1906–1995 · Phenomenology; ethics as first philosophy

Outside the Church Jewish (Lithuanian, Mitnagdic; phenomenology)

Étienne Gilson

1884–1978 · Existential Thomism; history of medieval philosophy

Franz Rosenzweig

1886–1929 · The New Thinking; philosophy of dialogue

Outside the Church Jewish (German; the New Thinking)

G. E. M. Anscombe

1919–2001 · Analytic Thomism; virtue ethics

Gustavo Gutiérrez, OP

1928–2024 · Liberation theology

1906–1975 · Political theory; the vita activa

Outside the Church Secular; Jewish

1928–2021 · Liberal Catholic theology (Tübingen)

Catholic · censured Latin

Hans Urs von Balthasar

1905–1988 · Theological aesthetics; ressourcement

Henri de Lubac, SJ

1896–1991 · Nouvelle théologie; ressourcement

Jacques Maritain

1882–1973 · Thomist personalism; Integral Humanism

Jean Daniélou, SJ

1905–1974 · Ressourcement patristics; theology of history

Jean-Paul Sartre

1905–1980 · Atheistic existentialism

Outside the Church Secular (atheist)

John Howard Yoder

1927–1997 · Anabaptist social ethics; Christian pacifism

Protestant Protestant (Mennonite)

1921–2002 · Political liberalism

Outside the Church Secular; lapsed Episcopalian

1931–2023 · Eucharistic ecclesiology; trinitarian personalism

Orthodox Orthodox (Greek; Ecumenical Patriarchate)

1904–1997 · Thomist philosophy of culture

Joseph B. Soloveitchik

1903–1993 · Brisker Talmudism; Neo-Kantian philosophy of halakhah

Outside the Church Jewish (Modern Orthodox; Brisker)

1892–1984 · Eastern Catholic confessor; Thomist-trained theologian

Catholic Ukrainian Greek Catholic

J. R. R. Tolkien

1892–1973 · Catholic mythopoeia; sub-creation

1886–1968 · Dialectical theology (neo-orthodoxy)

Protestant Protestant

Karl Rahner, SJ

1904–1984 · Transcendental Thomism

1899–1973 · Classical political philosophy; Athens and Jerusalem

Outside the Church Secular; Jewish

1913–2004 · Ressourcement; liturgical and spiritual theology

Louis Massignon

1883–1962 · Catholic Islamology; mystical substitution (Badaliya)

Catholic Melkite

Ludwig Wittgenstein

1889–1951 · Analytic philosophy; philosophy of language

Outside the Church Secular; baptized Catholic, Jewish descent

Marie-Dominique Chenu, OP

1895–1990 · Historical Thomism; ressourcement (Le Saulchoir)

1878–1965 · Philosophy of dialogue; Hasidism

Outside the Church Jewish (Hasidic-rooted philosophy of dialogue)

Martin Heidegger

1889–1976 · Phenomenology; the question of Being

Outside the Church Secular; lapsed Catholic

Michel Foucault

1926–1984 · Genealogy; analysis of power and knowledge

Outside the Church Secular (post-structuralist); Catholic upbringing in Poitiers

Mohandas K. Gandhi

1869–1948 · Satyagraha (non-violent resistance)

Outside the Church Hindu (Vaishnava), with Jain and Christian influences

1877–1938 · Islamic modernism; philosophy of the self (khudi); reconstruction of theology through modern science

Outside the Church Muslim (Sunni; modernist; poet-philosopher of Pakistan)

Patriarch Maximos IV Sayegh

1878–1967 · Eastern Catholic ecclesiology at Vatican II

Catholic Melkite

1886–1965 · Existential and ontological theology; theology of culture

Protestant Protestant (Lutheran; existentialist)

b. 1946 · Utilitarian bioethics

Outside the Church Secular (atheist)

Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, SJ

1881–1955 · Evolutionary cosmic Christology

Catholic · censured Latin

Pope Benedict XVI (Joseph Ratzinger)

1927–2022 · Augustinian-Bonaventurian ressourcement; hermeneutic of continuity

1936–2025 · Jesuit pastoral theology; theology of the people

Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange, OP

1877–1964 · Strict (Bañezian) Thomism

Richard Dawkins

b. 1941 · Scientific naturalism (New Atheism)

Outside the Church Secular (atheist)

Robert F. Taft, SJ

1932–2018 · Comparative liturgiology (Byzantine)

Catholic Byzantine

Romano Guardini

1885–1968 · Liturgical movement; Catholic Weltanschauung

1906–1966 · Revolutionary Islamism: God's sole sovereignty (hakimiyya) against modern jahiliyya

Outside the Church Muslim (Sunni; Muslim Brotherhood; Islamist)

1934–1982 · Traditionalist Orthodoxy; patristic literalism

Orthodox Orthodox (Russian Church Outside Russia; American convert)

Sergius Bulgakov

1871–1944 · Sophiology; Russian religious philosophy

Orthodox Orthodox (Russian, in Paris)

Servais Pinckaers, OP

1925–2008 · Thomist virtue ethics; renewal of moral theology

Silouan the Athonite

1866–1938 · Athonite hesychasm; the way of humility and love of enemies

Orthodox Orthodox (Russian, Athonite)

1909–1943 · Christian Platonism; mysticism of attention

Outside the Church Catholic-adjacent; Jewish descent, unbaptised

1872–1950 · Integral Yoga; the Supermind and the evolution of consciousness

Outside the Church Hindu (Integral Yoga; evolutionary Vedanta)

St. Alphonsa of the Immaculate Conception

1910–1946 · Franciscan Clarist; Syro-Malabar

Saint Syro-Malabar

St. Charles de Foucauld

1858–1916 · Nazareth spirituality; universal brotherhood

St. Faustina Kowalska

1905–1938 · Divine Mercy

St. Gianna Beretta Molla

1922–1962 · Italian Catholic Action; lay holiness

St. John Paul II (Karol Wojtyła)

1920–2005 · Thomist personalism; Theology of the Body

St. Josephine Bakhita

c. 1869–1947 · Canossian

St. Teresa Benedicta of the Cross (Edith Stein)

1891–1942 · Phenomenology and Thomism; Carmelite

St. Teresa of Calcutta

1910–1997 · Missionaries of Charity

Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama

b. 1935 · Gelug (Tsongkhapa's Madhyamaka); secular ethics

Outside the Church Buddhist (Tibetan, Gelug)

1915–1968 · Cistercian contemplative; interreligious dialogue

b. 1937 · Analytic philosophy; anti-reductionist naturalism

Outside the Church Secular (atheist); Jewish descent, no religious upbringing

1888–1965 · Anglo-Catholic modernism in poetry; Christian cultural criticism

Anglican Anglican (Anglo-Catholic)

Ven. Fulton J. Sheen

1895–1979 · Thomist apologetics; broadcast evangelization

Venerable Latin

Ven. Robert Schuman

1886–1963 · Christian Democracy; European reconciliation

Venerable Latin

1870–1924 · Marxism-Leninism

Outside the Church Secular (Marxist-Leninist atheism)

Vladimir Lossky

1903–1958 · Neo-patristic (Palamite) theology

Orthodox Orthodox (Russian, in Paris)

Yves Congar, OP

1904–1995 · Ressourcement ecclesiology; ecumenism