All thinkers

Philosopher · Contemporary

Richard Dawkins

b. 1941 · Scientific naturalism (New Atheism)

Outside the Church Secular (atheist)

An evolutionary biologist and the best-known of the “New Atheists”; raised Anglican, unbelieving since his teens.

Dawkins's Selfish Gene restated evolution from the gene's point of view and coined “meme”; The Blind Watchmaker argued that natural selection explains apparent design; The God Delusion treated God as a scientific hypothesis, found it almost certainly false, and called religious upbringing a form of abuse. He holds that science is the only road to knowledge and that morality drifts with a “shifting moral Zeitgeist.”

Why he matters: He made atheism a popular cause and forced Catholic apologetics (Feser, Haught, McGrath) to restate the classical arguments and the distinction between the God of the philosophers and a “designer” within the universe; Fides et Ratio 88 names the scientism he represents.

Where to be careful

Atheism and scientism are contrary to Dei Filius ch. 2 and Fides et Ratio 88; the denial of the soul, free will and the natural law is contrary to Lateran V, Trent and Veritatis Splendor; his account of God as a complex entity inside the universe misreads what the Church means by God (CCC 42–43).

Reading

  • The God Delusion
    Richard Dawkins · The case as he makes it.
  • The Last Superstition: A Refutation of the New Atheism
    Edward Feser · A Thomist reply, pugnacious but thorough.
  • God and the New Atheism
    John F. Haught · A gentler Catholic theologian's response.

Documented positions

Where this thinker stands on each dispute the test covers.

Settled teaching Its center Open question Beyond teaching, not condemned Condemned error
I

God and Being · What is, and whence it is.

Can reason know that God exists? Fideism or agnosticism
Fideism or agnosticism Natural theology
Is the world governed by purpose? Chance and mechanism
Chance and mechanism Providence and final causes
How does creation speak of God? Natures studied in their own right
Natures studied in their own right A book of signs and vestiges
II

Faith, Reason and Truth · How we know, and whom we trust.

Faith and reason: who has the last word? Rationalism
Rationalism Fideism
Where does knowledge begin? Senses and abstraction
Senses and abstraction Illumination and innate ideas
Is truth objective? Objective truth
Relativism and pragmatism Objective truth
Who interprets revelation? Private judgment
Private judgment Living Tradition and Magisterium
How should Scripture be read? Critical reductionism
Critical reductionism Fundamentalist literalism
Are the world's learning and arts a danger or a gift? A gift to be baptized
A danger: Athens has nothing to do with Jerusalem A gift to be baptized
III

The Human Person · Soul, body, freedom and the Fall.

Is there a spiritual soul? Mind is brain
Mind is brain Immortal spiritual soul
Are you free? Determinism
Determinism Free will
How fallen is human nature? Between
Totally depraved Basically good
Marriage, sex and the body's meaning Defined by consent and identity
Given by nature and grace Defined by consent and identity
What is suffering for? An evil to be relieved
An evil to be relieved A share in the Cross
IV

The Moral Life · Law, virtue, conscience and the good.

Is morality objective and knowable? Relativism
Relativism Natural law
Are some acts always wrong? Consequentialism
Consequentialism Intrinsically evil acts
What is conscience? Autonomous conscience
Autonomous conscience Conscience bound to truth
What is happiness? Earthly flourishing
Earthly flourishing Beatitude in God
V

Grace and Salvation · How God saves, and whom.

Where does your eye rest in Christ: His divinity or His humanity? The man Jesus of Nazareth
The eternal Word made flesh The man Jesus of Nazareth
VI

Church and Society · Authority, the state, wealth and the nation.

Church and state Laicism
Laicism Social kingship of Christ
Reform or tradition? Remake by reason
Remake by reason Guided by tradition
VII

Worship, Prayer and the Two Lungs · Liturgy, icons, the Spirit, and the See of Peter.

What do the sacraments do? Signs only
Signs only Efficacious ex opere operato
Holy Orders and the Church's constitution Reformable by the people
A clerical Church Reformable by the people

A profile of your philosophical and theological leanings, measured against the settled teaching of the Catholic Church, East and West. It is a tool for examination and reading, not an instrument of judgment.

Ad maiorem Dei gloriam.